![]() Two possible approaches can lead to the correct choice of A. Then, it is informed that one option, say B, is incorrect (i.e. To test for this ability, a two-choice task is commonly used, in which the animal is confronted with two options, A and B. However, these findings support the hypothesis that caching might be a key to exclusion in corvids.Įxclusion performance (EP) is defined as ‘selecting the correct alternative by logically excluding other potential alternatives’ (Call 2006). ![]() We conclude that carrion crows are able to choose by exclusion, but local enhancement has a strong influence on their performance and may overshadow potential inferential abilities. In this case, more crows found the food reliably in the un-baited condition. Therefore, we repeated the first experiment but controlled for the movement of the cups. Interestingly, they strongly preferred the cup which was manipulated last, even if it did not contain any food. In a follow-up task, we always provided the birds with the full information about the food location, but manipulated in which order they saw the hiding or the removal of food. When the empty cup was lifted, we found considerable inter-individual variation, with some birds having a significant preference for the un-baited but manipulated cup. The crows were significantly above chance when both cups were lifted or when only the baited cup was lifted. We hid food under one of two cups and subsequently lifted either both cups, or the baited or the un-baited cup. To investigate this possibility, another food-caching corvid species, the carrion crow ( Corvus corone corone), was tested in the same exclusion task. Thus, foraging behaviour may affect EP abilities. While the ravens chose by exclusion, the jackdaws did not. Recently, two corvid species, food-caching ravens and non-caching jackdaws, have been tested in an exclusion performance (EP) task.
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